Low-impact development (LID) has been defined as "development which through its low negative environmental impact either enhances or does not significantly diminish environmental quality". The interplay between would-be developers and the UK planning authorities since the 1980s has led to a diversity of unique, locally adapted developments, often making use of natural, local and reclaimed materials in delivering highly affordable, low or zero carbon housing. These LIDs often strive to be self-sufficient in terms of waste management, energy, water and other needs.
Read all..
康尼島（英語：），又译科尼島，是位於美國紐約市布魯克林區的半島，原本為一座海島，其面向大西洋的海灘是美國知名的休閒娛樂區域。居民大多集中位於半島的西側，約有六萬人左右，範圍西至希捷社區，東至布萊登海灘和曼哈頓海灘，而北至葛瑞福山德社區。 二十世紀前葉在美國極為知名的太空星際樂園即是以康尼島作為主要的腹地，該樂園在二次大戰後開始衰退，並持續荒廢了許久。在最近幾年，康尼島因為凱斯班公園的開幕而重新繁榮起來，凱斯班公園是職棒小聯盟球隊布魯克林旋風的主要球場。旋風隊在當地十分受到歡迎，每季開賽時都會吸引許多球迷到場觀戰。 ..
Anjos da guarda são os anjos que segundo as crenças cristãs, Deus envia no nosso nascimento para nos proteger durante toda a nossa vida. Argumenta-se que a Bíblia sustenta em algumas ocasiões a crença do anjo da guarda: "Vou enviar um anjo adiante de ti para ..
Altay Cumhuriyeti (Rusça: Респу́блика Алта́й / Respublika Altay; Altay Türkçesi: Алтай Республика / Altay Respublika), Rusya'nın en güneyinde yer alan, federasyona bağlı bir özerk cumhuriyet. Orta Asya'da Asya kıtasının coğrafî merkezinin hemen kuzeyinde ve ..
沙羅週期長度為18年11天，本週期包含70次日食，其中公元3000年以前有49次。 註：下表各項數據均為食分最大地點的情況。寬度指該地點食甚時刻月球的本影（全食時）或偽本影（環食時）落在地表的寬度，持續時間指該地點食既到生光的時間，即全食或環食的持續時間，全環食（亦稱混合食）發生時，食分最大處為全食。最後兩項參數不適用於偏食。 本周期最終結束於3378年6月17日。
希西家王 (希伯來語：，英語：）是猶大末年的君主，也是猶大國歷史中極尊重上帝的君王，在位29年。終年54歲。他在位的年份有兩種說法：其一是前715年-前687年；另一種是前716年-前687年。他的德行在其前後的猶大列王中，没有一個能及他。其希伯來名字的意思是“被神加力量”。 希西家的父親亞哈斯是一個背逆上帝的君王。因此在希西家當政之初的猶大國，無論政治，宗教上都极其黑暗。根據《聖經》記載，因为北國以色列被亞述攻滅，亞述王可以趁勢来攻打猶大國；又猶大的先王亞哈斯曾封鎖了聖殿之路，引導舉國崇拜偶像，大大得罪上帝。若非上帝的憐憫，為了堅定向大衛家所說的應許，猶大國的暫得幸存。希西家在二十五歲就登基作王，且正在國家危急之秋，由於行耶和華上帝眼中看為正的事，因而得上帝的憐憫，得以成功脫離亞述大軍的攻擊和一場致死的大病。他樂於聽從當代先知以賽亞的指導，使他為上帝大發熱心。 ..
The OnePlus 2 (also abbreviated as OP2) is a smartphone designed by OnePlus. It is the successor to the OnePlus One. OnePlus revealed the phone on 28 July 2015 via virtual reality, using Google's Cardboard visor and their own app. OnePlus sold out 30,000 units ..
兴隆街镇，是中华人民共和国四川省内江市资中县下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。 兴隆街镇下辖以下地区： 兴隆街社区、兴松村、玄天观村、三元村、金星村、三皇庙村、双桥村、红庙子村、华光村、高峰村、芦茅湾村、篮家坝村、五马村和解放村。
Национальная и университетская библиотека (словен. Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, NUK), основанная в 1774 году, — один из важнейших образовательных и культурных учреждений Словении. Она располагается в центре столицы Любляна, между улицами Турьяшка (Turjaška ..
Mauser M1924 (или M24) — серия винтовок компании Mauser, использовавшихся в армиях Бельгии и Югославии. Внешне напоминают чехословацкие винтовки vz. 24, в которых использовались стандартный открытый прицел, патроны калибра 7,92×57 мм (или 8×57 мм), укороченные ..
第三条道路（英語：），又称新中间路线（Middle Way），是一种走在自由放任资本主义和传统社会主义中间的一种政治经济理念的概称。它由中间派所倡导，是社会民主主义的一个流派，英国工党称其为「现代化的社会民主主义」。它的中心思想是既不主张纯粹的自由市场，也不主张纯粹的社會主義，主张在两者之间取折衷方案。 第三条道路不只单单是走在中间，或只是一种妥协或混合出来的东西，第三条道路的提倡者看到了社会主义和资本主义互有不足之处，所以偏向某一极端也不是一件好事，第三条道路正正是揉合了双方主义的优点，互补不足而成的政治哲学。 ..
Low-impact development (LID) has been defined as "development which through its low negative environmental impact either enhances or does not significantly diminish environmental quality".[1][2][3]
The interplay between would-be developers and the UK planning authorities since the 1980s has led to a diversity of unique, locally adapted developments, often making use of natural, local and reclaimed materials in delivering highly affordable, low or zero carbon housing. These LIDs often strive to be self-sufficient in terms of waste management, energy, water and other needs.[4]
There are numerous examples of LIDs throughout the UK, and local and national authorities have come to recognise the need for the concept to be incorporated into planning strategies.
Low-impact development (LID), in the UK sense of the term, was described by Simon Fairlie, a former editor of The Ecologist magazine, in 1996 as: "development that through its low impact either enhances or does not significantly diminish environmental quality."[5] Fairlie later wrote:
"Neither the term nor the concept was new. People have been living low impact lifestyles in low impact buildings for centuries; indeed until very recently the majority of people in the world lived that way."[6]
In 2009 Fairlie revised his definition of a LID as: "development which, by virtue of its low or benign environmental impact, may be allowed in locations where conventional development is not permitted."[6] He explained:
"I prefer this revised definition because wrapped up in it is the main argument; that low impact buildings need not be bound by the restrictions necessary to protect the countryside from 'conventional' high impact development – a.k.a. suburban sprawl. There are two other principle arguments in favour of LID: (i) that some form of exception policy is necessary because conventional housing in a countryside protected from sprawl becomes too expensive for the people who work there; and (ii) soon we will all have to live more sustainable low impact lifestyles, so pioneers should be encouraged."[6]
Others have expanded on the definition. A study by the University of West England acknowledged that: "LID is usually integrally connected with land management and as much as describing physical development, LID also describes a form of livelihood."[7] However, it also states that as LID is a "multi featured and intrinsically integrated form of development," a simple definition cannot capture the meaning of LID and goes on to develop "a detailed themed definition with detailed criteria."[7]
Dr Larch Maxey[8] in 2013 held the main features of LID to be:
.jpg)
English LID examples include the Hockerton Housing Project (Nottinghamshire), Michael Buck's cob house in Oxfordshire,[9] Landmatters (Devon)[10] and Tinker's Bubble (Somerset).[11][12]
Transition Homes, currently under development in Transition Town Totnes, Devon, is an attempt to scale-up and mainstream LID by providing around 25 low cost, low carbon homes designed along permaculture principles.[13][14][15] Residents will be allocated from the local housing needs register.[14] Similarly, LILAC built in 2013 a 'Low Impact Living Affordable Community' of 20 homes and a common house in Bramley, Leeds,[16][17][18] which was visited by Kevin McCloud and Mark Prisk, Minister of State for Housing and Local Government.[19]
BedZED (London) is another example of a larger scale LID, which was built in 2000–2002 and has 82 homes, however it is not as affordable as many of the above examples as it was partly designed to attract urban professionals.
Findhorn Ecovillage has won a number of international awards. Steve James's Straw House, Dumfries was built for £4,000.[20]
The House of the Future, Cardiff, completed in 2000, was originally a showcase of the latest green building technologies, and later transformed into an education centre.[21] That Roundhouse (Brithdir Mawr, Newport, Pembrokeshire) was granted planning permission in 2008 with a review in 3 years.[22] In West Wales, Lammas Ecovillage (near Crymych, Pembrokeshire) is a community of independent, off-grid households begun in 2009.[23][24][25] Nearby Pwll Broga roundhouse is a development that was built without planning permission in 2012, refused retrospective planning permission in 2014,[26][27] but granted permission in July 2015, having met the requirements of the Welsh government's One Planet Development (OPD) policy.[28] From 2010 to 2019, 24 applications had been approved in Wales, with the majority in Pembrokeshire, but there has been criticism that the developments were not being properly monitored for compliance with OPD:[29] in essence that "developers can show they can make a basic income off the land and provide all their own energy and water". According to the BBC, in 2019 there were 41 registered OPD dwellings in Wales, with a climate scientist claiming there was scope, in terms of available land, for up to 10,000 such developments.[30]
In 2017, the term "eco-hamlet" was used to describe Pentre Solar, a development of six houses at Glanrhyd, near Llantood, Pembrokeshire; using locally-sourced timber, solar power and shared electric transport, the project was designed for local people on the council housing waiting list, and was supported by the Welsh Government. This was the first such project in Wales, and possibly in the UK, and was created by Western Solar, the company that established the first solar park in Wales, at Rhosygilwen, Rhoshill.[31]
Substantial research has concluded that LID represents some of the most innovative and sustainable development in the UK.[7][32][33]
LIDs have innovated and demonstrated sustainable solutions including low/zero carbon housing design, rainwater harvesting, renewable energy generation, waste minimisation and innovative forms of land management, including No/low-till farming, permaculture and agroforestry.
LID has also shown a capacity to enhance local biodiversity and public access to local space, and to produce traffic movements far below the national average. This has been attributed to lift-sharing, to residents' greater use of public transport, walking and cycling and to the integration of local land based employment with other household activities.[34] As the Welsh Assembly Government has noted, such "...Development therefore is not just describing a physical development. It is describing a way of living differently where there is a symbiotic relationship between people and land, making a reduction in environmental impacts possible".[35]
Over the years, there have been various struggles with planning authorities over LID in the UK. Tony Wrench spent over a decade fighting the planning authorities until he was granted planning permission for That Roundhouse.[36][37][38][39] As Lisa Lewinsohn points out in her MSc thesis on LID, Tony Wrench and his partner Jane Faith have been "enforced against, fined, refused planning permission several times"[3] while Lammas has "probably spent about £50,000 on the application process."[3] Similarly, since 1986 Tir Penrhos Isaf has tried several times to get planning permission[40] and only succeeded in December 2006, twenty years after their first planning application was submitted.[41]
The residents of Tir Penrhos Isaf consider:
"that current planning and building legislation represent some of the greatest obstacles to developing sustainable systems in Britain. The legislation favours those who already have land and property, actively encourages the squandering of resources and environmental degradation and actively discourages movements towards low impact, sustainable development."[40]
The extensive research interest in LID, backed up by the practical examples of the existing LIDs, has led to a growing number of planning policies in the UK designed to allow for LIDs.[42][43] and the Welsh Assembly Government’s One Planet Development policy (OPD) [44][2][45] which is supported by the independent One Planet Council.[46] The first development to receive permanent planning permission under the One Planet scheme was Nant-y-Cwm, near Caerphilly.[47] The criteria for OPD in Wales include the requirement that 65% of all subsistence, or 30% of food and 35% of livelihood, come from the land.[48]
