Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber. Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with land usage, it focused on maximizing the crop yield while maintaining a good soil ecosystem. Throughout the 20th century the discipline expanded and the current scope of the discipline is much broader. Agricultural economics today includes a variety of applied areas, having considerable overlap with conventional economics. Agricultural economists have made substantial contributions to research in economics, econometrics, development economics, and environmental economics. Agricultural economics influences food policy, agricultural policy, and environmental policy.
Read all..
康尼島（英語：），又译科尼島，是位於美國紐約市布魯克林區的半島，原本為一座海島，其面向大西洋的海灘是美國知名的休閒娛樂區域。居民大多集中位於半島的西側，約有六萬人左右，範圍西至希捷社區，東至布萊登海灘和曼哈頓海灘，而北至葛瑞福山德社區。 二十世紀前葉在美國極為知名的太空星際樂園即是以康尼島作為主要的腹地，該樂園在二次大戰後開始衰退，並持續荒廢了許久。在最近幾年，康尼島因為凱斯班公園的開幕而重新繁榮起來，凱斯班公園是職棒小聯盟球隊布魯克林旋風的主要球場。旋風隊在當地十分受到歡迎，每季開賽時都會吸引許多球迷到場觀戰。 ..
Anjos da guarda são os anjos que segundo as crenças cristãs, Deus envia no nosso nascimento para nos proteger durante toda a nossa vida. Argumenta-se que a Bíblia sustenta em algumas ocasiões a crença do anjo da guarda: "Vou enviar um anjo adiante de ti para ..
Altay Cumhuriyeti (Rusça: Респу́блика Алта́й / Respublika Altay; Altay Türkçesi: Алтай Республика / Altay Respublika), Rusya'nın en güneyinde yer alan, federasyona bağlı bir özerk cumhuriyet. Orta Asya'da Asya kıtasının coğrafî merkezinin hemen kuzeyinde ve ..
沙羅週期長度為18年11天，本週期包含70次日食，其中公元3000年以前有49次。 註：下表各項數據均為食分最大地點的情況。寬度指該地點食甚時刻月球的本影（全食時）或偽本影（環食時）落在地表的寬度，持續時間指該地點食既到生光的時間，即全食或環食的持續時間，全環食（亦稱混合食）發生時，食分最大處為全食。最後兩項參數不適用於偏食。 本周期最終結束於3378年6月17日。
希西家王 (希伯來語：，英語：）是猶大末年的君主，也是猶大國歷史中極尊重上帝的君王，在位29年。終年54歲。他在位的年份有兩種說法：其一是前715年-前687年；另一種是前716年-前687年。他的德行在其前後的猶大列王中，没有一個能及他。其希伯來名字的意思是“被神加力量”。 希西家的父親亞哈斯是一個背逆上帝的君王。因此在希西家當政之初的猶大國，無論政治，宗教上都极其黑暗。根據《聖經》記載，因为北國以色列被亞述攻滅，亞述王可以趁勢来攻打猶大國；又猶大的先王亞哈斯曾封鎖了聖殿之路，引導舉國崇拜偶像，大大得罪上帝。若非上帝的憐憫，為了堅定向大衛家所說的應許，猶大國的暫得幸存。希西家在二十五歲就登基作王，且正在國家危急之秋，由於行耶和華上帝眼中看為正的事，因而得上帝的憐憫，得以成功脫離亞述大軍的攻擊和一場致死的大病。他樂於聽從當代先知以賽亞的指導，使他為上帝大發熱心。 ..
The OnePlus 2 (also abbreviated as OP2) is a smartphone designed by OnePlus. It is the successor to the OnePlus One. OnePlus revealed the phone on 28 July 2015 via virtual reality, using Google's Cardboard visor and their own app. OnePlus sold out 30,000 units ..
兴隆街镇，是中华人民共和国四川省内江市资中县下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。 兴隆街镇下辖以下地区： 兴隆街社区、兴松村、玄天观村、三元村、金星村、三皇庙村、双桥村、红庙子村、华光村、高峰村、芦茅湾村、篮家坝村、五马村和解放村。
Национальная и университетская библиотека (словен. Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, NUK), основанная в 1774 году, — один из важнейших образовательных и культурных учреждений Словении. Она располагается в центре столицы Любляна, между улицами Турьяшка (Turjaška ..
Mauser M1924 (или M24) — серия винтовок компании Mauser, использовавшихся в армиях Бельгии и Югославии. Внешне напоминают чехословацкие винтовки vz. 24, в которых использовались стандартный открытый прицел, патроны калибра 7,92×57 мм (или 8×57 мм), укороченные ..
第三条道路（英語：），又称新中间路线（Middle Way），是一种走在自由放任资本主义和传统社会主义中间的一种政治经济理念的概称。它由中间派所倡导，是社会民主主义的一个流派，英国工党称其为「现代化的社会民主主义」。它的中心思想是既不主张纯粹的自由市场，也不主张纯粹的社會主義，主张在两者之间取折衷方案。 第三条道路不只单单是走在中间，或只是一种妥协或混合出来的东西，第三条道路的提倡者看到了社会主义和资本主义互有不足之处，所以偏向某一极端也不是一件好事，第三条道路正正是揉合了双方主义的优点，互补不足而成的政治哲学。 ..
| Part of a series on |
| Economics |
|---|
|
|
|
By application |
|
Notable economists |
|
Glossary |
Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber. Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with land usage, it focused on maximizing the crop yield while maintaining a good soil ecosystem. Throughout the 20th century the discipline expanded and the current scope of the discipline is much broader. Agricultural economics today includes a variety of applied areas, having considerable overlap with conventional economics.[1][2][3][4] Agricultural economists have made substantial contributions to research in economics, econometrics, development economics, and environmental economics. Agricultural economics influences food policy, agricultural policy, and environmental policy.
| Part of a series on |
| Economic systems |
|---|
|
By ideology
|
|
By regional model
|
|
Sectors |
|
Property types |
Economics has been defined as the study of resource allocation under scarcity. Agricultural economics, or the application of economic methods to optimizing the decisions made by agricultural producers, grew to prominence around the turn of the 20th century. The field of agricultural economics can be traced back to works on land economics. Henry Charles Taylor was the greatest contributor with the establishment of the Department of Agricultural Economics at Wisconsin in 1909.[5]
Another contributor, 1979 Nobel Economics Prize winner Theodore Schultz, was among the first to examine development economics as a problem related directly to agriculture.[6] Schultz was also instrumental in establishing econometrics as a tool for use in analyzing agricultural economics empirically; he noted in his landmark 1956 article that agricultural supply analysis is rooted in "shifting sand", implying that it was and is simply not being done correctly.[7]
One scholar summarizes the development of agricultural economics as follows:
Agricultural economics arose in the late 19th century, combined the theory of the firm with marketing and organization theory, and developed throughout the 20th century largely as an empirical branch of general economics. The discipline was closely linked to empirical applications of mathematical statistics and made early and significant contributions to econometric methods. In the 1960s and afterwards, as agricultural sectors in the OECD countries contracted, agricultural economists were drawn to the development problems of poor countries, to the trade and macroeconomic policy implications of agriculture in rich countries, and to a variety of production, consumption, and environmental and resource problems.[8]
Agricultural economists have made many well-known contributions to the economics field with such models as the cobweb model,[9] hedonic regression pricing models,[10] new technology and diffusion models (Zvi Griliches),[11] multifactor productivity and efficiency theory and measurement,[12][13] and the random coefficients regression.[14] The farm sector is frequently cited as a prime example of the perfect competition economic paradigm.
In Asia, agricultural economics was offered first by the University of the Philippines Los Baños Department of Agricultural Economics in 1919. Today, the field of agricultural economics has transformed into a more integrative discipline which covers farm management and production economics, rural finance and institutions, agricultural marketing and prices, agricultural policy and development, food and nutrition economics, and environmental and natural resource economics.
Since the 1970s, agricultural economics has primarily focused on seven main topics, according to a scholar in the field: agricultural environment and resources; risk and uncertainty; food and consumer economics; prices and incomes; market structures; trade and development; and technical change and human capital.[15]
In the field of environmental economics, agricultural economists have contributed in three main areas: designing incentives to control environmental externalities (such as water pollution due to agricultural production), estimating the value of non-market benefits from natural resources and environmental amenities (such as an appealing rural landscape), and the complex interrelationship between economic activities and environmental consequences.[16] With regard to natural resources, agricultural economists have developed quantitative tools for improving land management, preventing erosion, managing pests, protecting biodiversity, and preventing livestock diseases.[17]
While at one time, the field of agricultural economics was focused primarily on farm-level issues, in recent years agricultural economists have studied diverse topics related to the economics of food consumption. In addition to economists' long-standing emphasis on the effects of prices and incomes, researchers in this field have studied how information and quality attributes influence consumer behavior. Agricultural economists have contributed to understanding how households make choices between purchasing food or preparing it at home, how food prices are determined, definitions of poverty thresholds, how consumers respond to price and income changes in a consistent way, and survey and experimental tools for understanding consumer preferences.[18]
Agricultural economics research has addressed diminishing returns in agricultural production, as well as farmers' costs and supply responses. Much research has applied economic theory to farm-level decisions. Studies of risk and decision-making under uncertainty have real-world applications to crop insurance policies and to understanding how farmers in developing countries make choices about technology adoption. These topics are important for understanding prospects for producing sufficient food for a growing world population, subject to new resource and environmental challenges such as water scarcity and global climate change.[19]
Development economics is broadly concerned with the improvement of living conditions in low-income countries, and the improvement of economic performance in low-income settings. Because agriculture is a large part of most developing economies, both in terms of employment and share of GDP, agricultural economists have been at the forefront of empirical research on development economics, contributing to our understanding of agriculture's role in economic development, economic growth and structural transformation. Many agricultural economists are interested in the food systems of developing economies, the linkages between agriculture and nutrition, and the ways in which agriculture interact with other domains, such as the natural environment.[20][21]
The International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) is a worldwide professional association, which holds its major conference every three years. The association publishes the journal Agricultural Economics.[22] There also is a European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE), an African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and an Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society. Substantial work in agricultural economics internationally is conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute.
In the United States, the primary professional association is the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association (AAEA), which holds its own annual conference and also co-sponsors the annual meetings of the Allied Social Sciences Association (ASSA). The AAEA publishes the American Journal of Agricultural Economics and Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy.
Graduates from agricultural and applied economics departments find jobs in many sectors of the economy: agricultural management, agribusiness, commodities markets, education, the financial sector, government, natural resource and environmental management, real estate, and public relations. Careers in agricultural economics require at least a bachelor's degree, and research careers in the field require graduate-level training;[23] see Masters in Agricultural Economics. A 2011 study by the Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce rated agricultural economics tied for 8th out of 171 fields in terms of employability.[24][25]
